A few years ago, after I had commented on an online site about the dangers of using Comfrey, a well-known animal herbalist called me on the phone. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Grow common comfrey, symphytum officinalis, which spreads via clumping roots, not seed. Even today, years after pyrrolizidine alkaloids were found and identified in Comfrey (aka Symphytum officinale), herbalists continue to recommend its use. The root is slimy and horn -like when dried. Comfrey root is large, br anching, and black on the outside with a creamy white interior containing slimy mucilage. N-oxide comfrey intermedine lycopsamine pyrrolizidine alkaloid tisane. Comfrey grows well in rich, moist, low meadows, or along ponds and river banks, where it may reach a height of 1.2 m (usually 0.3-1.2 m). The root and leaves of this plant were used as remedy for different kinds of bone defections like osteoarthritis, nonunion, atrophic, and bone fracture 13,14,15. It also suggests that safety recommendations based on purified compounds may underestimate the potential toxicity of comfrey. Comfrey or Symphytum (Symphytum officinale L.) from Boraginaceae family has been a very popular plant in traditional medicine for thousands of year. This work suggests a greater than additive effect of the individual alkaloids and/or a more potent toxicity of the acetylated derivatives in the reduced comfrey extract. In this study, the phenolic profile of extract samples of Symphytum officinale callus root cultures (up to 70 of ethanol) was determined using various approaches. Based on clinical signs of poisoning, serum biochemistry, and histopathological analysis the reduced comfrey extract was more toxic than lycopsamine and intermedine. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) root preparations are known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. After another 7 days chicks were euthanized. Male, California White chicks were orally exposed to daily doses of 0.04, 0.13, 0.26, 0.52 and 1.04 mmol lycopsamine, intermedine or reduced comfrey extract per kg bodyweight (BW) for 10 days. The objective of this work was to compare the toxicity of a crude, reduced comfrey alkaloid extract to purified lycopsamine and intermedine that are major constituents of S. To differentiate it from other members of the genus Symphytum, this species is known as common comfrey or true comfrey. Along with thirty four other species of Symphytum, it is known as comfrey. However, in many locations comfrey continues to be ingested as a tisane or as a leafy vegetable. Symphytum officinale is a perennial flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. Consequently, regulatory agencies and international health organizations have recommended comfrey be used for external use only. Keduanya adalah jenis tanaman comfrey yang beracun. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), a commonly used herb, contains dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids that, as a group of bioactive metabolites, are potentially hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic. Beberapa produk berlabel common comfrey’ atau Symphytum officinale sebenarnya mengandung spesies Symphytum asperum atau Russian comfrey’ (Symphytum x uplandicum.
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